Whenever something surprises you and you wanna know WHY:
And you’re also sometimes gonna hear it with a noun tacked on the end:
✅ Works in both casual convos AND polite/formal settings.
✅ Not slang, just a very handy why upgrade.
I think in English there is about only one case of use of this expression: to what do I owe the pleasure [of your company/phonecall/visit etc.]